@article {9086807,
	title = {Predictive Guardbanding: Program-driven Timing Margin Reduction for GPUs},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1-1},
	abstract = {Energy efficiency of GPU architectures has emerged as an essential aspect of computer system design. In this paper, we explore the energy benefits of reducing the GPU chip{\textquoteright}s voltage to the safe limit, i.e., Vmin point, using predictive software techniques. We perform such a study on several commercial off-the-shelf GPU cards. We find that there exists about 20\% voltage guardband on those GPUs spanning two architectural generations, which, if {\textquotedblleft}eliminated"entirely, can result in up to 25\% energy savings on one of the studied GPU cards. Our measurement results unveil a program dependent Vmin behavior across the studied applications, and the exact improvement magnitude depends on the program{\textquoteright}s available guardband. We make fundamental observations about the program-dependent Vmin behavior. We experimentally determine that the voltage noise has a more substantial impact on Vmin compared to the process and temperature variation, and the activities during the kernel execution cause large voltage droops. From these findings, we show how to use kernels{\textquoteright} microarchitectural performance counters to predict its Vmin value accurately. The average and maximum prediction errors are 0.5\% and 3\%, respectively. The accurate Vmin prediction opens up new possibilities of a cross-layer dynamic guardbanding scheme for GPUs, in which software predicts and manages the voltage guardband, while the functional correctness is ensured by a hardware safety net mechanism.},
	keywords = {GPU, Graphics processing units, Kernel, Multi-core processors, Power demand, Power measurement, PVT variation., single instruction and multiple data, temperature measurement, Voltage control, voltage guardband, Voltage measurement},
	issn = {1937-4151},
	doi = {10.1109/TCAD.2020.2992684},
	author = {J. Leng and A. Buyuktosunoglu and R. Bertran and P. Bose and Y. Zu and V. J. Reddi}
}
